Due to the need of work, a large number of antigen-specific monoclonal antibodies are produced. Traditional human, murine, and rabbit-derived monoclonal antibodies are complex to prepare and expensive to produce. It is not a wise choice. Fortunately, there is a new class of monoclonal antibodies - single domain antibodies: simple preparation, cheap production, and easy storage.
Traditional antibodies consist of heavy and light chains. The light chain includes two Ig domains with variable regions, in addition to the two corresponding domains, as well as the FC domain. Since traditional antibodies can only be expressed in eukaryotic cells, the price of antibodies has so far remained high. In the 1990s, studies found that antibodies were found only in heavy chains in camel and cartilage fish. The antigen binding site of these antibodies consists of a single IG domain. This means that a single IG domain contains information on all antigen binding. This monoclonal antibody is said to be a single domain antibody. Single domain antibodies have revolutionized the preparation of monoclonal antibodies. We no longer need to use cumbersome eukaryotic cell culture to produce double-stranded antibodies, as long as E. coli can be used to express large amounts of single-domain antibodies. As a simple example, the current best yield of double-stranded antibodies is one liter of CHO cells producing 100 milligrams of antibody, while one liter of E. coli produces 40-50 milligrams of single domain antibody per day.
Camel monoclonal antibody
The single-domain antibody of camel is the smallest antibody to date, only about 14kDa, and has very good physicochemical properties. It has good thermal stability and can withstand temperatures above 40-50 degrees. Its preparation is very simple, easy to express in E. coli, and can produce 40-50 mg per liter of production at 37 degrees and 4 hours. At present, single-domain antibodies from camel are widely used in tumor therapy, immunotherapy, and even protein crystallization.
In addition to the camel, single heavy chain antibodies were found in cartilage fish. Cartilage fish include sharks, squid and squid. The study of single-domain antibodies to cartilage fish has focused on sharks, which are shark-derived single-domain antibodies. Similar to the camelid-derived single domain antibody, the shark source single domain antibody is also derived from a class of single heavy chain antibody Ig new antigen receptor (IgNAR).
The researchers collected the sand fish antibody with low temperature and strong acid and alkali resistance. That means they can be preserved in human bowel. The sandfish can be used to attach antibodies to the cancer cells, and restrain it from killing them. Attached cancer cells develop much more slowly than cancer cells that have snoring fish antibody molecules or snoring other antibodies without squid.
Mick Kulai’s deputy taught that they chose sand fish as a research guideline because they have a healthy immune system and rarely produce dying. There is evidence in ancient morning that the sodium strontium antibody of sand fish can delay the dispersion of breast cancer cells. The researchers used the slow protection to see those antibodies used in the treatment of other diseases such as malaria and breeze dry key inflammation.
At present, research on shark single-domain antibodies is mainly concentrated on large sharks, such as nurse shark. In the nurse shark, there are three single domain antibodies. The third single domain antibody is expressed in shark childhood and does not possess antigen specificity. It is believed to be part of innate immunity. The first and second single domain antibodies are expressed in adult sharks and are antigen specific. Therefore, when preparing single-domain antibodies, adult sharks should be selected.
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