Squalene has a red blood cell-like oxygen-carrying function, which combines with oxygen to form activated oxygenated squalene in the body. It is transported to the terminal cells of the body through the blood circulation to release oxygen, which promotes the biooxidation-reduction reaction in the body's metabolism. Thereby increasing the utilization ability of tissue cells for oxygen, improving the body's tolerance to hypoxia, and preventing various diseases caused by hypoxia. Because squalene has a red blood cell-like oxygen-carrying function, it makes sharks have strong hypoxia tolerance in the deep sea anoxic environment.
Qiu Chunmei et al studied the effect of squalene soft capsule on hypoxia tolerance in mice. The results showed that squalene was the recommended dose of 20 times and 30 times the dose of normal hypoxia and prolonged survival time of sodium nitrite poisoning. . Under the conditions of polar cerebral ischemic hypoxia, the 10, 20, and 30-fold doses of squalene recommended doses significantly prolonged the gasping time in mice compared with the control group. Growth has no effect.
It can be seen that squalene has oxygen carrying capacity and can improve hypoxia tolerance in mice. The higher content of squalene in the yak in the plateau area may be closely related to the yak's adaptation to the environment of hypoxia, cold and low pressure.
Regulate the metabolism of cholesterol in animals
In the 1950s, researchers discovered a key intermediate metabolite in the study of the biochemical metabolic mechanism of human cholesterol, which was identified as squalene by structure, which confirmed for the first time that squalene was present in humans. Squalene can be converted to lanosterol by lanosterol synthase, converted to cholesterol, and further metabolized to produce bile acids and steroid hormones. Given that squalene can be converted to cholesterol, there has been a view in the academic world that exogenous squalene increases cholesterol synthesis and increases the risk of atherosclerotic disease in humans.
However, with the deepening of research, it has been found that the intake of exogenous squalene does not increase the level of cholesterol in the serum, and even lowers the serum cholesterol. The mechanism of action of squalene to lower serum cholesterol levels may be that exogenous squalene can reduce the activity of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase to inhibit cholesterol synthesis. It depends on the amount of exogenous squalene absorbed. At the same time, through the feedback regulation of cholesterol, the cholesterol is converted into fecal bile acid, which is excreted with the stool.
Anti-cancer and anti-cancer effects
Squalene can effectively prevent and inhibit the occurrence of various cancers such as breast cancer, colon cancer, pancreatic cancer, lung cancer and skin cancer in chemically induced rodents. People in the Mediterranean region consume large amounts of olive oil in their daily lives, and the probability of breast and pancreatic cancer in the population is extremely low. This is closely related to the daily diet of local residents. This is due to the high content of squalene in olive oil. The average daily intake of squalene in the region is 200-400 mg, which is much higher than other parts of the world. The average daily intake of the population.
Radiation resistance
Storm et al studied the anti-radiation effect of squalene on male mice, and found that the mouse squalene intake group can improve the resistance of the mouse body to radiation damage compared with the control group. The mechanism of action may be that squalene can eliminate the free radical or singlet oxygen generated by radiation to stimulate the body's immune response, protect the organelles and improve the cell repair ability.
Applications
Squalene is widely used as an emollient because it has anti-oxidant, anti-UV damage and moisturizing effect. Squalene can block the pores of the skin and is easily absorbed by the skin, showing a good moisturizing effect. Squalene is an important component of sebum and provides nutrition to the skin. Squalene is also a moisturizing substance in the stratum corneum. It is reported that fetal sebum is a highly effective moisturizer that has a water retention effect on the stratum corneum. When squalene is used in combination with triacylglycerol, cholesterol, ceramide and fatty acid, it can produce a water retention effect similar to fetal sebum.
In order to enhance the therapeutic antibodies effect of drugs, drug sustained release agents have received widespread attention. Squalene is widely used as a drug sustained release agent. Contains squalene emulsion drugs to prolong the half-life of the drug. Wang et al. reported that squalene emulsions delay the release of morphine prodrugs by stabilizing phosphatidylethanolamine or copolymer. The squalene emulsion can also be used for the sustained release of lipophilic prodrugs or psoralen capsules of cyclobutalol. In the early years of Japan, squalene was used to treat tuberculosis. In recent years, since squalene has been infiltrated, diffused, and sterilized, it can absorb a large amount of oxygen in daily service or on the skin, strengthen cell metabolism and eliminate fatigue, and thus has become a functionally defined active ingredient in functionality. Widely used in food. In recent years, many countries have included it in the ranks of drugs, such as the Chinese Pharmacopoeia, to use squalene as an oral nutrient, at a dose of one gram per day. Japan has extended it to be used as an internal medicine for the treatment of hypotension, anemia, diabetes, cirrhosis, cancer, constipation, tooth decay, and as a treatment for gallbladder and bladder stones, tonsillitis, rheumatism, neuralgia, bronchitis, colds, External application of rhinitis, asthma, gout, stomach and duodenal ulcer.
Squalene is a free radical scavenger, which is used as a functional food additive in foods because it promotes human metabolism and enhances the body's immunity. At present, the squalene health foods on the domestic and international markets include squalene capsules, squalene capsules and squalene soft capsules, and the content of squalene in each capsule/capsule is 500-1000 mg. In addition, squalene is added to edible vegetable oils such as soybean oil and peanut oil because of its good antioxidant activity, thereby inhibiting or delaying the oxidation of oils and fats, thereby improving the stability of edible vegetable oils and prolonging the shelf life of the products.
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